{"id":80448,"date":"2021-11-25T03:01:35","date_gmt":"2021-11-25T02:01:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.bluebeam.com\/se\/?p=80448"},"modified":"2021-11-08T15:41:21","modified_gmt":"2021-11-08T14:41:21","slug":"chicago-home-architecture-not-frank-lloyd-wright","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.bluebeam.com\/se\/chicago-home-architecture-not-frank-lloyd-wright\/","title":{"rendered":"Tre fantastiska hus i Chicago som inte \u00e4r ritade av Frank Lloyd Wright"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Alla som bes\u00f6ker Chicago \u00e4r kanske inte intresserade av arkitektur. Men det g\u00e5r knappast att vistas i USA:s andra stad utan att n\u00e5gon g\u00e5ng f\u00e5 h\u00f6ra namnet Frank Lloyd Wright. \u00c4ven om man inte sj\u00e4lv bes\u00f6ker n\u00e5gon av den prisade arkitektens byggnader m\u00e4rker man hans stora avtryck p\u00e5 det som lokalbefolkningen kallar Chicagoland. I Oak Park, en by strax v\u00e4ster om Chicago, hittar man den h\u00f6gsta koncentrationen av Frank Lloyd Wright-designade hem i v\u00e4rlden, och d\u00e4r finns \u00e4ven arkitektens egen bostad och studio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Men hur fantastisk Frank Lloyd Wright \u00e4n \u00e4r, s\u00e5 \u00e4r hans hus inte de enda arkitektoniskt framst\u00e5ende bost\u00e4derna i ”Windy City”. Tre anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rda bostadshus i Chicago, som alla byggdes inom samma tio\u00e5rsperiod i slutet av 1800-talet, tar med oss p\u00e5 en enast\u00e5ende resa fr\u00e5n den pr\u00e5liga Beaux-Arts-stilen till den moderna amerikanska minimalismen. Samtliga finns med i USA:s nationella f\u00f6rteckning \u00f6ver historiska platser, och tv\u00e5 av dem \u00e4r ocks\u00e5 listade som nationella historiska landm\u00e4rken.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nickerson Mansion (Driehaus-museet)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arkitekt<\/strong>: Edward Burling<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00e4rdigbyggt<\/strong>: 1883<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nickerson Mansion, som har restaurerats och nu inhyser Driehaus-museet, var p\u00e5 sin tid k\u00e4nt som exempel p\u00e5 viktoriansk eklekticism och den estetiska r\u00f6relsen. Tidningen Inland Architect<\/em> skrev 1883 att husets interi\u00f6r \u201duppn\u00e5r en kvalitet som aldrig tidigare \u00e5stadkommits i Chicago\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Nickerson
Driehaus-museets exteri\u00f6r, foto av Alexander Vertikoff, \u00a9 The Richard H. Driehaus Museum 2014.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Byggnadens storslagna och hektiska interi\u00f6r skymmer mycket av det som g\u00f6r den konstruktionsm\u00e4ssigt intressant. Den omfattande anv\u00e4ndningen av \u00e5tta olika marmorslag, d\u00e4ribland onyx och alabaster, har gett huset smeknamnet The Marble Palace, eller Marmorpalatset. Den h\u00e4r kakofonin av marmor var inte bara ett uttryck f\u00f6r en eklektisk estetik. Den var ocks\u00e5 en f\u00f6rsvars\u00e5tg\u00e4rd. Familjen Nickerson hade f\u00f6rlorat sitt hem och sitt f\u00f6retag i den stora branden 1871. De gav arkitekten Edward Burling \u2013 vars arbete ocks\u00e5 till stor del hade g\u00e5tt f\u00f6rlorat i branden \u2013 i uppdrag att bygga dem ett brands\u00e4kert hem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e5nga av de material som har anv\u00e4nts \u00e4r brandh\u00e4mmande. Det finns inget gips i innerv\u00e4ggarna d\u00e4r tunga textilier ofta anv\u00e4nds som fyllning. Exteri\u00f6ren best\u00e5r till st\u00f6rsta delen av b\u00e4rande tegelv\u00e4ggar kl\u00e4dda med gr\u00e5 sandsten. Bakom innerv\u00e4ggarnas marmor och kakel finns \u00e4nnu mer tegel. Under ytterligare marmor och de m\u00e5nga exotiska tr\u00e4slag som har anv\u00e4nts i golvet finns ett n\u00e4tverk av tegelb\u00e5gar, j\u00e4rnbalkar och cement. Huset \u00e4r ocks\u00e5 ritat med vattenhissar och inomhusavlopp. S\u00e5 \u00e4ven om interi\u00f6ren utg\u00f6r ett typexempel p\u00e5 Gilded Age-stil, l\u00e5g Marmorpalatset \u00e4ven byggtekniskt i framkant vad g\u00e4ller s\u00e5v\u00e4l material som design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Nickerson
Spis av onyx i vardagsrummet. Foto av Steve Hall p\u00e5 Hedrich Blessing 2008.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Idag \u00e4r huset ett museum som inneh\u00e5ller mycket av den ursprungliga inredningen tillsammans med andra samtida inventarier och m\u00f6bler. N\u00e4stan alla rum p\u00e5 bottenv\u00e5ningen har ett unikt parkettgolv. Dekorativa kakelplattor, designade av John Gardner Low med moriska, japanska och naturliga teman, har anv\u00e4nts i hela huset. Matsalen och r\u00f6krummet \u00e4r inredda med Lincrusta, som n\u00e4r huset byggdes var en ny och popul\u00e4r v\u00e4ggbekl\u00e4dnad. Lincrusta skapades av mannen som uppfann linoleum och \u00e4r utformat f\u00f6r att likna handbearbetat l\u00e4der eller snidat tr\u00e4. Lincrusta-v\u00e4ggen i matsalen har en ren\u00e4ssansinspirerad design medan r\u00f6krummet g\u00e5r i japansk stil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e4sta familj som tog \u00f6ver huset gav George Washington Maher i uppdrag att rita om gallerirummet. Rummet kallas numera Maher-galleriet, eftersom det var han som lade till dess mest utm\u00e4rkande drag \u2013 en kupol av m\u00e5lat glas med tr\u00e4dmotiv och en stor \u00f6ppen spis med jugendkakel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Nickerson
Kupolen av m\u00e5lat glas i skulpturgalleriet (ca. 1900), detaljer. Foto av Alexander Vertikoff 2011.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Interi\u00f6ren kan k\u00e4nnas \u00f6verv\u00e4ldigande att ta in p\u00e5 en g\u00e5ng, men ta god tid p\u00e5 dig. \u00c4ven en minimalist kan uppskatta designen och hantverket hos de enskilda komponenterna och materialen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Glessner House<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arkitekt<\/strong>: H.H. Richardson<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00e4rdigbyggt<\/strong>: 1887<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Innan Gold Coast, nu \u00e4r ett v\u00e4lb\u00e4rgat bostadsomr\u00e5de intill Lake Michigan, fanns det som kallades \u201dMillionaire\u2019s Row\u201d. P\u00e5 Prairie Avenue, vid Near South Side, bodde stadens rikaste familjer fr\u00e5n mitten av 1800-talet. Glessner House ligger i korsningen mellan Prairie Avenue och 18th<\/sup> Street. Med sin exteri\u00f6r i Richardsonian Romanesque-stil br\u00f6t huset av mot hur man vanligtvis valde att visa upp sin rikedom under Gilded Age, \u201dden f\u00f6rgyllda \u00e5ldern\u201d. \u00c4ven om Glessner House med sina 1 600 kvadratmeter inte var kvarterets st\u00f6rsta hus stack det ut rej\u00e4lt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Glessner
Fotograf: William Zbaren.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Huset str\u00e4cker sig n\u00e4stan \u00e4nda fram till tomtgr\u00e4nsen p\u00e5 tre sidor. Den tre v\u00e5ningar h\u00f6ga massan av grovhuggen, rosa Braggville-granit <\/a><\/a> tycks p\u00e5 ett aggressivt s\u00e4tt pressa sig ut mot gatan. William Tyre, vd och intendent f\u00f6r Glessner House s\u00e4ger: \u201dDen l\u00e5nga norra fasaden har minimalt med f\u00f6nster, vilket fick flera grannar att kalla huset f\u00f6r \u201df\u00e4stningen\u201d \u2013 de var inte direkt f\u00f6rtjusta i den okonventionella stilen.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Familjen var influerad av den engelska Arts and Crafts-r\u00f6relsen, liksom av den nyromanska stilen. D\u00e4rf\u00f6r fick arkitekten, trots den f\u00e4stningsliknande exteri\u00f6ren och det centrala l\u00e4get, i uppdrag att skapa en mysig och rustik familjebostad. H. H. Richardson uppn\u00e5dde detta bland annat genom att v\u00e4nda p\u00e5 den traditionella planl\u00f6sningen, d\u00e4r man brukade placera offentliga rum mot gatan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Han valde ist\u00e4llet att l\u00e4gga en l\u00e5ng korridor f\u00f6r tj\u00e4nstefolket utmed den norra sidan f\u00f6r att skydda de inre rummen, som anv\u00e4ndes av familjen, mot vinterbl\u00e5sten. William Tyre f\u00f6rklarar: \u201dDen innovativa planl\u00f6sningen v\u00e4nde de fr\u00e4msta offentliga rummen mot en privat innerg\u00e5rd f\u00f6r att utnyttja s\u00f6derl\u00e4get och det rikliga naturliga ljuset.\u201d Att de tre v\u00e4ggarna f\u00f6rl\u00e4ngdes fram till tomtgr\u00e4nsen gav ocks\u00e5 maximalt med utrymme p\u00e5 innerg\u00e5rden, s\u00e5 att familjen fick en avskildhet som man normalt inte hittar i ett hus mitt i staden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Glessner
Fotograf: James Caulfield.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

H. H. Richardson ritade ocks\u00e5 interi\u00f6ren i m\u00e4nsklig skala f\u00f6r att skapa en intim och familj\u00e4r st\u00e4mning. Det finns inga grandiosa utrymmen, h\u00f6ga takvalv eller vidstr\u00e4ckta vyer i hemmet. Rummen \u00e4r asymmetriskt arrangerade. De flesta av rummen p\u00e5 bottenv\u00e5ningen har frilagda tr\u00e4bj\u00e4lkar i taket. V\u00e4ggdekoren best\u00e5r fr\u00e4mst av en kombination av tr\u00e4 och kakel i varma toner och tapeter av William Morris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I fr\u00e5ga om teknik var huset relativt modernt. Det byggdes med vatten och avlopp inomhus och klart f\u00f6r elektricitet, \u00e4ven om det inte ansl\u00f6ts till n\u00e5got eln\u00e4t f\u00f6rr\u00e4n ett s\u00e5dant byggdes inf\u00f6r v\u00e4rldsutst\u00e4llningen 1893. Innan dess anv\u00e4nde man v\u00e5tcellsbatterier f\u00f6r att driva inbrottslarmet, anropssystemet f\u00f6r personalen och telefonen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Glessner
Fotograf: James Caulfield.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Familjen l\u00e4mnade tillbaka n\u00e4stan 90 % av de ursprungliga m\u00f6blerna och textilierna till huset efter att det r\u00e4ddades undan rivning 1966. H. H. Richardsons tre andra byggnader i Chicago klarade sig inte lika bra, vilket betyder att Glessner House \u00e4r hans enda kvarvarande byggnad i Chicago. Idag st\u00e5r huset d\u00e4r som en trogen \u00e5tergivning av hemlivet p\u00e5 1800-talet och av arkitektonisk innovation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Charnley-Persky House<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arkitekt<\/strong>: Louis Sullivan<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00e4rdigbyggt<\/strong>: 1892<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Charnley-Persky
Fotograf: David Schalliol.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Att ta med Charnley-Persky House p\u00e5 den h\u00e4r listan \u00e4r egentligen lite fusk. Frank Lloyd Wright var n\u00e4mligen ritassistent p\u00e5 Adler & Sullivan och arbetade med det h\u00e4r projektet. Hur mycket han egentligen bidrog till huset i Gold Coast f\u00f6rblir en \u00f6ppen fr\u00e5ga. N\u00e5got som dock \u00e4r uppenbart \u00e4r att Charnley-Persky House uppvisar v\u00e4lk\u00e4nda drag som \u00e5terfinns i s\u00e5v\u00e4l Louis Sullivans som Frank Lloyd Wrights ritningar: geometriska former, starka horisontella linjer och naturinspirerade utsmyckningar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Husets sl\u00e4ta, enkla fasad bryter mot alla estetiska normer fr\u00e5n den viktorianska tiden. Starka horisontella tredjedelar definierar fasadens omedelbara visuella effekt. En kalkstensbas ger st\u00f6d till det gula romerska teglet. Den \u00f6vre tredjedelen b\u00f6rjar med kalksten nedanf\u00f6r \u00e4nnu mer romerskt tegel och har en koppargesims l\u00e4ngst upp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vid andra anblicken blir de vertikala tredjedelarna uppenbara. Kalksten str\u00e4cker sig upp\u00e5t och m\u00f6ter den inf\u00e4llda tr\u00e4balkongen som ger ett visuellt avbrott. De vertikala, strukturella tredjedelarna i inredningen domineras av en central trappa. Trappan l\u00f6per parallellt med fasaden och flankeras av rum p\u00e5 vardera sidan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Charnley-Persky
Fotograf: David Schalliol.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Huset \u00e4r en n\u00e4stan perfekt rektangel och \u00e4r ganska smalt, utan f\u00f6nster l\u00e4ngs bakv\u00e4ggen. Ett takf\u00f6nster f\u00f6rvandlar den rektangul\u00e4ra trappan till ett atrium som sprider naturligt ljus i hela huset. Trappan d\u00f6ljs av en spalj\u00e9v\u00e4gg av tr\u00e4 (se fotot ovan) \u2013 en detalj som brukar tillskrivas Frank Lloyd Wright.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Charnley-Persky
Fotograf: David Schalliol.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Samarbetet mellan Sullivan och Wright syns som tydligast i den distinkta utsmyckningen i geometrisk och organisk stil. Balkongen har ett spetsigt ovalt motiv, och en mindre stiliserad version av fr\u00f6motivet finns p\u00e5 ytterd\u00f6rrens metallgaller. Med sina abstrakta former och \u00e5terh\u00e5llsamma utsmyckning br\u00f6t Charnley-Persky House tydligt av fr\u00e5n Gilded Age och introducerade en ny arkitektonisk vokabul\u00e4r f\u00f6r det kommande \u00e5rhundradet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bes\u00f6k Chicagos fantastiska hus<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e4r det h\u00e4r skrivs \u00e4r samtliga tre hus \u00f6ppna f\u00f6r bes\u00f6kare igen, men kontrollera det f\u00f6r s\u00e4kerhets skull innan du \u00e5ker dit. P\u00e5 Glessner House och Driehaus h\u00e5lls ofta andra kulturevenemang, och Driehaus-museet anv\u00e4nder regelbundet sovrummen p\u00e5 \u00f6verv\u00e5ningen f\u00f6r tillf\u00e4lliga utst\u00e4llningar. Charnley-Persky House erbjuder rundturer f\u00f6r allm\u00e4nheten tv\u00e5 dagar i veckan (bokning kr\u00e4vs).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Brutalistisk<\/div>

Den brutalistiska arkitekturen har varit en vattendelare bland arkitekturentusiaster i \u00e5rtionden. Var st\u00e5r du i fr\u00e5gan?\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>
<\/div><\/div>
BER\u00c4TTA<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Den prisade designerns skapelser hyllas st\u00e4ndigt och \u00e4r v\u00e4rda att ses \u2013 men det \u00e4r \u00e4ven de h\u00e4r arkitektoniska landm\u00e4rkena i omr\u00e5det<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":642,"featured_media":80449,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16712,144],"tags":[16722],"class_list":["post-80448","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-people","category-projects","tag-architecture","category-16712","category-144","description-off"],"yoast_head":"\nTre fantastiska hus i Chicago som inte \u00e4r ritade av Frank Lloyd Wright - Built | SE<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Historisk arkitektur i Chicago\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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