{"id":81125,"date":"2023-01-12T03:01:09","date_gmt":"2023-01-12T02:01:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.bluebeam.com\/se\/?p=81125"},"modified":"2023-01-09T09:31:32","modified_gmt":"2023-01-09T08:31:32","slug":"is-mass-timber-the-answer-to-constructions-sustainability-challenge","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.bluebeam.com\/se\/is-mass-timber-the-answer-to-constructions-sustainability-challenge\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c4r massivtr\u00e4 svaret p\u00e5 byggbranschens h\u00e5llbarhetsproblem?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Tr\u00e4konstruktionens historia i korthet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Under flera \u00e5rhundraden var de flesta byggnader av tr\u00e4. N\u00e4r det fanns gott om tr\u00e4d och byggmaterialtekniken fortfarande var i sin linda, var tr\u00e4byggnaden herre p\u00e5 t\u00e4ppan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sedan kom teglet, och d\u00e4refter st\u00e5let och betongen, och tr\u00e4et fick st\u00e5 tillbaka i byggbranschen. Byggnader av st\u00e5l och betong kunde byggas h\u00f6gre och starkare, och de h\u00f6ll ocks\u00e5 l\u00e4ngre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Men att anskaffa och anv\u00e4nda de h\u00e4r materialen \u00e4r p\u00e5frestande f\u00f6r milj\u00f6n. P\u00e5 senare \u00e5r har oron f\u00f6r klimatf\u00f6r\u00e4ndringarna \u2013 och byggbranschens bidrag till dem \u2013 \u00f6kat, och tr\u00e4et har gjort comeback.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vad \u00e4r massivtr\u00e4?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Massivtr\u00e4 best\u00e5r av lameller, virkesstycken som har formats till paneler, reglar eller bj\u00e4lkar och som sedan limmas under tryck eller spikas ihop i flera skikt. Skikten staplas i ett vinkelr\u00e4tt m\u00f6nster f\u00f6r extra h\u00e5llfasthet. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enligt Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)<\/a> kan massivtr\u00e4 \u2013 trots dess l\u00e4gre vikt \u2013 vara ett b\u00e4ttre alternativ \u00e4n betong och st\u00e5l.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typer av massivtr\u00e4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Korslimmat tr\u00e4<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Det mest v\u00e4lk\u00e4nda formen av massivtr\u00e4, korslimmat tr\u00e4<\/a>, har sitt ursprung i de centraleuropeiska och skandinaviska skogarna. Det b\u00f6rjade dock g\u00f6ra avtryck i den moderna byggbranschen f\u00f6r ungef\u00e4r trettio \u00e5r sedan i Schweiz och \u00d6sterrike. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Korslimmat tr\u00e4, CLT eller KL-tr\u00e4, best\u00e5r av skikt av ugnstorkat dimensionsvirke som enligt Naturally: Wood<\/a>, en gren av Forestry Innovation Investment, l\u00e4ggs i r\u00e4t vinkel mot varandra och limmas ihop till byggpaneler. \u201dGenom att limma ihop skikt av tr\u00e4 i r\u00e4t vinkel ger man panelen en utm\u00e4rkt strukturell styvhet i b\u00e5da riktningarna\u201d, till\u00e4gger organisationen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FSC<\/a> beskriver korslimmat tr\u00e4 som ett material som \u201ds\u00e4rskilt l\u00e4mpar sig f\u00f6r stora golv, v\u00e4ggar och tak, t\u00e5l h\u00f6g trafik och passar f\u00f6r byggnader med flera anv\u00e4ndningsomr\u00e5den\u201d. Enligt FSC inneb\u00e4r det korslimmade tr\u00e4ets l\u00e5ga vikt ocks\u00e5 \u201db\u00f6jlighet och \u00f6verl\u00e4gsen motst\u00e5ndskraft mot vindbelastning\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BRE<\/a>, en grupp forskare, vetenskapsm\u00e4n, ingenj\u00f6rer och tekniker som forskar om den byggda milj\u00f6n i Storbritannien, pekar p\u00e5 det korslimmade tr\u00e4ets f\u00f6rm\u00e5ga att ge en \u201dtorr och fast konstruktion p\u00e5 plats, med god potential f\u00f6r luftt\u00e4thet och robusta golv och v\u00e4ggar som l\u00e4mpar sig f\u00f6r de flesta ytbehandlingar inom- och utomhus\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BRE noterar att det bara kr\u00e4vs begr\u00e4nsade nya f\u00e4rdigheter f\u00f6r att arbeta med korslimmat tr\u00e4, samtidigt som materialets l\u00e5ga vikt inneb\u00e4r att det i h\u00f6g utstr\u00e4ckning kan tillverkas utanf\u00f6r byggplatsen. D\u00e4rmed blir arbetet p\u00e5 plats potentiellt renare och mer effektivt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spiklaminerat tr\u00e4<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00f6rutom korslimmat tr\u00e4 finns det \u00e4ven andra typer av konstruktionselement baserade p\u00e5 tr\u00e4. Spiklaminerat tr\u00e4, som har funnits i \u00f6ver hundra \u00e5r, best\u00e5r av tr\u00e4partier som har spikats ihop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enligt kampanjen Think Wood har det spiklaminerade tr\u00e4et<\/a> f\u00e5tt ett nytt uppsving delvis tack vare dess stora tillg\u00e4nglighet inom landet. Till skillnad fr\u00e5n KL-tr\u00e4 kr\u00e4ver spiklaminerat tr\u00e4 inte n\u00e5gon s\u00e4rskild tillverkningsanl\u00e4ggning utan kan produceras av virke som \u00e4r enkelt att f\u00e5 tag i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dymlat tr\u00e4 best\u00e5r av tr\u00e4partier som \u00e4r sammanfogade med tr\u00e4dymlingar ist\u00e4llet f\u00f6r med lim, f\u00f6r att bilda halvfabricerade golv- och takpaneler, ber\u00e4ttar tillverkaren Eurban<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Limtr\u00e4<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Men allt handlar inte om spik och dymlingar. Lim anv\u00e4nds \u00e4ven f\u00f6r andra typer av massivtr\u00e4 \u00e4n det korslimmade. Limtr\u00e4 tillverkas genom att man med hj\u00e4lp av lim sammanfogar tr\u00e4lameller som redan har hyvlats till en sl\u00e4t yta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00f6rdelar med att bygga med massivtr\u00e4 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Det finns m\u00e5nga f\u00f6rdelar med att bygga med massivtr\u00e4. Som det amerikanska byggf\u00f6retaget CD Construction<\/a> (CDC) p\u00e5pekar \u00e4r tr\u00e4 ett naturligt, f\u00f6rnybart och h\u00e5llbart material att bygga med, som ger ett mindre koldioxidavtryck \u00e4n st\u00e5l eller betong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Det har ocks\u00e5 visat sig vara strukturellt h\u00e5llfast och uppfylla samma standarder f\u00f6r prestanda och s\u00e4kerhet f\u00f6r liv och h\u00e4lsa som betong- och st\u00e5lkonstruktioner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Och eftersom tr\u00e4 binder kol kan tr\u00e4byggnader vara ett svar p\u00e5 utsl\u00e4ppsfr\u00e5gan. Enligt CDC har en tr\u00e4byggnad med 18 v\u00e5ningar till exempel ett negativt koldioxidavtryck som motsvarar att f\u00e5 bort 2350 bilar per \u00e5r fr\u00e5n v\u00e4garna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mot bakgrund av den senaste tidens tragiska br\u00e4nder som har drabbat byggnader av betong och st\u00e5l, \u00e4r oron kring anv\u00e4ndningen av tr\u00e4 f\u00f6r att bygga bost\u00e4der \u2013 i synnerhet h\u00f6ghus \u2013 f\u00f6rst\u00e5elig.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Men enligt den gr\u00f6na byggkonsulten GreenSpec<\/a> g\u00e5r det att tillverka korslimmade paneler som blir brandbest\u00e4ndiga genom en f\u00f6rkolningsprocess, d\u00e4r det yttre lagret av tr\u00e4 brinner men isolerar den inre k\u00e4rnan mot elden i allt fr\u00e5n 30 till 90 minuter. \u201dDet korslimmade tr\u00e4ets brandprestanda \u00e4r n\u00e5got helt annat \u00e4n dess kusin tr\u00e4stommens\u201d, till\u00e4gger f\u00f6retaget.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Viss oro kvarst\u00e5r dock, och enligt somliga branschobservat\u00f6rer<\/a> \u00e4r det avg\u00f6rande att utvecklarna samarbetar med experter p\u00e5 brands\u00e4kerhet redan p\u00e5 ett tidigt stadium av ett projekt och \u00f6verv\u00e4ger fullskaliga brandtester och brandmodeller.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nackdelar med att bygga med massivtr\u00e4 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e4r det g\u00e4ller nackdelarna med att bygga med massivtr\u00e4 lyfter Building Materials Safety Coalition<\/a> i USA fram en rad problem. Till exempel inneb\u00e4r den begr\u00e4nsade tillg\u00e5ngen p\u00e5 korslimmat tr\u00e4 risker f\u00f6r leveranskedjan och tidsplanen. Det saknas erfaren arbetskraft som kan installera materialet, och f\u00f6rs\u00e4kringspremier och projektansvar kan p\u00e5verkas av att man anv\u00e4nder korslimmat tr\u00e4, i synnerhet om det \u00e4r i form av exponerade bj\u00e4lkar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enligt f\u00f6retaget Gallagher<\/a>, som specialiserar sig p\u00e5 finansiella tj\u00e4nster, \u00e4r kunskaperna om tr\u00e4 i f\u00f6rs\u00e4kringsbranschen \u2013 b\u00e5de p\u00e5 m\u00e4klar- och f\u00f6rs\u00e4kringsbolagsniv\u00e5 \u2013 relativt begr\u00e4nsade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201dDet r\u00e5der ocks\u00e5 brist p\u00e5 faktisk statistisk erfarenhet, vilket betyder att f\u00f6rs\u00e4kringsbolagen m\u00e5ste basera sin priss\u00e4ttning p\u00e5 ett begr\u00e4nsat urval \u2013 ett urval som i Storbritannien tyv\u00e4rr \u00e4ven omfattar vissa st\u00f6rre brandf\u00f6rluster\u201d, s\u00e4ger Gallagher.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Allt det h\u00e4r g\u00f6r det mycket sv\u00e5rare att v\u00e4rdera riskerna med tr\u00e4 p\u00e5 en redan sv\u00e5r marknad, till\u00e4gger f\u00f6retaget.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrew Carpenter, vd f\u00f6r Structural Timber Association, s\u00e4ger att anv\u00e4ndningen av tr\u00e4 som byggmaterial visserligen m\u00e5ste \u00f6ka om man ska kunna uppfylla kraven p\u00e5 nettonoll i byggbranschen. \u201dMen branschen b\u00f6r anta en pragmatisk inst\u00e4llning till hybridkonstruktion f\u00f6r att \u00f6vervinna f\u00f6rs\u00e4kringshindren.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Han till\u00e4gger: \u201dF\u00f6rs\u00e4kringsbranschen m\u00e5ste ocks\u00e5 vara s\u00e4ker p\u00e5 att materialets prestanda matchas av kompetensen hos de som installerar det.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Exempel p\u00e5 byggnader av massivtr\u00e4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ett av de mest k\u00e4nda exemplen p\u00e5 en h\u00f6g, modern tr\u00e4byggnad \u00e4r Mj\u00f8st\u00e5rnet<\/a> i Norge. Huset, som stod klart 2019, best\u00e5r av 18 v\u00e5ningar f\u00f6r blandad anv\u00e4ndning och uppf\u00f6rdes i sektioner som monterades p\u00e5 marken innan de lyftes p\u00e5 plats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I London kunde Dalston Works skryta med att vara v\u00e4rldens st\u00f6rsta byggnad av korslimmat tr\u00e4 n\u00e4r den stod klar 2017. Tiov\u00e5ningsbyggnaden med 121 l\u00e4genheter \u00e4r helt konstruerad av korslimmat tr\u00e4 \u2013 fr\u00e5n ytter-, mellan- och k\u00e4rnv\u00e4ggar till golv och trappor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dalston Works v\u00e4ger en femtedel s\u00e5 mycket som en betongbyggnad av liknande storlek, och antalet leveranser under byggtiden minskades med 80%, ber\u00e4ttar arkitekten Waugh Thistleton<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Och i Sverige finns Sara kulturhus<\/a> i Skellefte\u00e5, som \u00e4r ett 75 meter h\u00f6gt 20-v\u00e5ningshotell byggt av f\u00f6rtillverkade moduler av korslimmat tr\u00e4 som \u00e4r staplade mellan tv\u00e5 hissk\u00e4rnor. \u201dTack vare k\u00e4rnornas placering och utformning kunde de byggas helt och h\u00e5llet av korslimmat tr\u00e4\u201d, s\u00e4ger arkitekten White Arkitekter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
FOTO: White Arkitekter<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Kommer framtidens byggnader att vara av massivtr\u00e4?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

I dessa klimatmedvetna tider kommer anv\u00e4ndningen av massivtr\u00e4 att visa sig vara lockande. Det finns f\u00f6rvisso risker, och massivtr\u00e4ets f\u00f6rm\u00e5ga att motst\u00e5 brand kommer att st\u00e5 h\u00f6gt p\u00e5 listan \u00f6ver vanliga fr\u00e5gor fr\u00e5n blivande hyresg\u00e4ster, liksom fr\u00e5n byggnadsinspekt\u00f6rer v\u00e4rlden \u00f6ver.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Med det sagt kommer det \u00f6kade intresset f\u00f6r h\u00e5llbarhet och milj\u00f6 sannolikt att leda till att massivtr\u00e4produkter som korslimmat tr\u00e4 f\u00e5r en st\u00f6rre marknadsandel och spelar en st\u00f6rre roll f\u00f6r leveransen av en gr\u00f6nare byggd milj\u00f6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Varf\u00f6r har man gjort tr\u00e4byggnader obligatoriska i Amsterdam? H\u00e4r kommer svaret.<\/h2>
<\/div><\/div>
Ta reda p\u00e5 mer<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tr\u00e4 f\u00e5r en allt st\u00f6rre betydelse n\u00e4r byggbranschen reagerar p\u00e5 klimatf\u00f6r\u00e4ndringarna och kraven p\u00e5 att anv\u00e4nda mer h\u00e5llbara material.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":634,"featured_media":81126,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[145],"tags":[16721,16715],"class_list":["post-81125","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-innovation","tag-building-materials","tag-sustainability","category-145","description-off"],"yoast_head":"\n\u00c4r massivtr\u00e4 svaret p\u00e5 byggbranschens h\u00e5llbarhetsproblem?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"N\u00e4r byggbranschen svarar p\u00e5 klimatf\u00f6r\u00e4ndringarna och kraven p\u00e5 att anv\u00e4nda mer h\u00e5llbara material f\u00e5r tr\u00e4 en allt st\u00f6rre betydelse.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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