{"id":81262,"date":"2023-03-29T03:01:06","date_gmt":"2023-03-29T01:01:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.bluebeam.com\/se\/?p=81262"},"modified":"2023-03-27T09:30:15","modified_gmt":"2023-03-27T07:30:15","slug":"what-causes-urban-blight-and-what-can-be-done-about-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.bluebeam.com\/se\/what-causes-urban-blight-and-what-can-be-done-about-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Vad beror f\u00f6rslumning p\u00e5, och vad kan man g\u00f6ra \u00e5t det?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Vad \u00e4r f\u00f6rslumning?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e5nga av oss har sett bilderna av industri- och bostadsf\u00f6rfallet i olika st\u00e4der runt om i v\u00e4rlden. Scenerna liknar ofta varandra: rader av \u00f6vergivna, f\u00f6rfallna hus. Tomma, s\u00f6nderfallande fabriker och v\u00e4ggar t\u00e4ckta med graffiti. Nedskr\u00e4pade gator. \u00d6vervuxna offentliga utrymmen som ser ov\u00e5rdade och o\u00e4lskade ut. Det h\u00e4r \u00e4r exempel p\u00e5 f\u00f6rslumning, som p\u00e5 engelska kallas urban blight eller urban decay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grundorsakerna till f\u00f6rslumning<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Enligt uppslagsverken beror f\u00f6rslumning<\/a> \u2013 n\u00e4r ett stadsomr\u00e5de f\u00f6rfaller och f\u00f6rs\u00e4mras \u2013 p\u00e5 att omr\u00e5det har f\u00f6rsummats eller \u00e5ldrats. Det st\u00e4mmer visserligen, men \u00e4r bara en del av sanningen \u2013 sk\u00e4len till att en stad n\u00e5r den h\u00e4r punkten \u00e4r komplicerade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En nyckelfaktor \u00e4r att m\u00e4nniskor l\u00e4mnar ett omr\u00e5de till f\u00f6ljd av ekonomisk depression. Bost\u00e4derna blir st\u00e5ende i v\u00e4der och vind, vilket kan f\u00e5 ett tidigare v\u00e4lm\u00e5ende omr\u00e5de eller en region att bli nedsliten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En hamn som en g\u00e5ng var full med b\u00e5tar kan ha blivit ol\u00f6nsam och st\u00e4ngts igen, vilket sl\u00e5r h\u00e5rt mot den lokala ekonomi som var beroende av den. En stad vars v\u00e4lst\u00e5nd helt har kretsat kring industrier som gruvdrift, st\u00e5ltillverkning eller textilier kan hamna p\u00e5 dekis n\u00e4r s\u00e5dan verksamhet upph\u00f6r eller flyttar n\u00e5gonstans d\u00e4r den kan bedrivas billigare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Exempel p\u00e5 f\u00f6rslumning<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ett k\u00e4nt exempel p\u00e5 f\u00f6rslumning hittar man i Detroit, som 2013<\/a> blev den st\u00f6rsta amerikanska staden n\u00e5gonsin att ans\u00f6ka om konkurs. Bilindustrin som bidrog till att f\u00e5 staden att blomstra p\u00e5 1930- och 1940-talen st\u00f6tte p\u00e5 problem under 1900-talets andra h\u00e4lft. Situationen f\u00f6rv\u00e4rrades av en kombination av fattigdom, sociala oroligheter och bristande politiskt ledarskap, och flera omr\u00e5den i Detroit f\u00f6ll samman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00f6r\u00e4ndringen av Detroits tillverkningssj\u00e4l bidrog visserligen till stadens problem, men det fanns andra orsaker ocks\u00e5. Som Thomas Sugrue, f\u00f6rfattare till The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit, uttrycker det<\/a>: \u201dDetroit \u00e4r ett extremt exempel p\u00e5 de problem som har drabbat alla \u00e4ldre industrist\u00e4der i USA. Det handlar om \u00f6ver 60 \u00e5rs konstant minskade investeringar, avfolkning och en intensiv fientlighet mellan staden, f\u00f6rorterna och resten av delstaten.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Naturkatastrofer kan ocks\u00e5 bidra till att det g\u00e5r utf\u00f6r f\u00f6r en stad. \u00c5r 2005 \u00f6versv\u00e4mmades 80% av New Orleans av orkanen Katrina. En miljon inv\u00e5nare f\u00f6rlorade sina hem, som i m\u00e5nga fall var helt obeboeliga efter katastrofen. N\u00e4stan 20 \u00e5r senare h\u00e5ller staden fortfarande p\u00e5 att \u00e5terh\u00e4mta sig, och f\u00f6rslumningen f\u00f6rblir ett problem<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enligt vissa<\/a> kan f\u00f6rslumningen i amerikanska st\u00e4der som Detroit, Chicago och Philadelphia vara smittsam. Tomma tomter som st\u00e5r utan underh\u00e5ll och ser ov\u00e5rdade ut drar s\u00e5 sm\u00e5ningom ner fastighetsv\u00e4rdena, vilket avskr\u00e4cker m\u00e4nniskor fr\u00e5n att bos\u00e4tta sig i omr\u00e5det. Potentiella investeringar uteblir och f\u00f6retagen vill inte etablera sig d\u00e4r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Med omr\u00e5dets nedg\u00e5ng f\u00f6ljer bristande sk\u00f6tsel, nedskr\u00e4pning, brottslighet och annat asocialt beteende. Det blir en slags dominoeffekt, och f\u00f6rslumningen sprider sig. Konsekvenserna av den h\u00e4r typen av nedg\u00e5ng \u00e4r betydande.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ta itu med problemet<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Det h\u00e4r problemet \u00e4r inte unikt f\u00f6r USA. Ett antal st\u00e4der i Storbritannien, i synnerhet i de mindre ekonomiskt framg\u00e5ngsrika delarna av landet, har ocks\u00e5 upplevt f\u00f6rslumning. Delar av Glasgow<\/a>, Liverpool<\/a> och mindre st\u00e4der som Hartlepool<\/a> har lidit av problemet vid olika tidpunkter genom \u00e5ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De har mycket gemensamt: omr\u00e5den d\u00e4r byggnader st\u00e5r tomma och v\u00e4ntar p\u00e5 b\u00e4ttre dagar, d\u00e4r bost\u00e4derna \u00e4r nedslitna och i d\u00e5ligt skick, d\u00e4r fattigdomen \u00e4r utbredd och arbetsm\u00f6jligheterna tunns\u00e5dda, d\u00e4r tillg\u00e5ngen till utbildning och h\u00e4lsov\u00e5rd \u00e4r begr\u00e4nsad, och d\u00e4r lokala myndigheter, pressade av budgetnedsk\u00e4rningar, inte kan g\u00f6ra n\u00e5gra st\u00f6rre framsteg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Somliga, till exempel aktivisterna Land Is Free, h\u00e4vdar<\/a> att de slags ekonomiska f\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar som observeras i de f\u00f6rslummade omr\u00e5dena \u201dinte f\u00f6rklarar varf\u00f6r \u00f6verfl\u00f6diga byggnader inte byggs om f\u00f6r andra syften, eller rivs s\u00e5 att n\u00e5gon annan kan bygga n\u00e5got nytt i deras st\u00e4lle. Det f\u00f6rklarar inte heller varf\u00f6r lediga tomter f\u00e5r st\u00e5 och f\u00f6rfalla och dra till sig vandalism och brottslighet.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De anser att svaret \u00e4r att \u00e4ndra p\u00e5 skattesystemet f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rsv\u00e5ra f\u00f6r dem som hamstrar mark, \u201ds\u00e5 att man avskr\u00e4cker fr\u00e5n att \u00e4ga mark som inte anv\u00e4nds och uppmuntrar f\u00f6rnyelse\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hur har d\u00e5 omr\u00e5den som de h\u00e4r lyckats \u00e5terh\u00e4mta sig?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I Detroit gav man 150 inv\u00e5nare i uppdrag att kartl\u00e4gga ledig mark runt om i staden som skulle kunna anv\u00e4ndas. Enligt Data-Smart City Solutions<\/a>, som \u00e4r en del av Harvard University, uppt\u00e4ckte man att omkring 40000 fastigheter hade f\u00f6rfallit och de prioriterades sedan f\u00f6r rivning eller sanering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00e5 liknande s\u00e4tt identifierade en annan datadriven enk\u00e4t omkring 38000 fastigheter som ans\u00e5gs riskera f\u00f6rslumning. Detroits Blight Removal Task Force rekommenderar att fastigheterna inspekteras ytterligare och f\u00f6resl\u00e5r en rad insatser som att renovera, riva eller s\u00e4kra dem f\u00f6r framtida anv\u00e4ndning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I Chicago s\u00e5ldes tomma tomter f\u00f6r bara en dollar till lokala inv\u00e5nare och organisationer som skulle snygga till dem. I Philadelphia uppmuntrade man lokalbefolkningen att odla tr\u00e4dg\u00e5rdar p\u00e5 de tomma tomterna<\/a>, n\u00e5got som tycks ha \u201davsev\u00e4rt minskat vapenbrottsligheten, h\u00f6jt fastighetsv\u00e4rdena och till och med f\u00f6rb\u00e4ttrat inv\u00e5narnas h\u00e4lsa\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I Baltimore har de lokala myndigheterna arbetat med ett analysprojekt tillsammans med forskare fr\u00e5n Johns Hopkins University f\u00f6r att ta reda p\u00e5 hur stort f\u00f6rslumningsproblemet \u00e4r i staden och hitta l\u00f6sningar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ett av m\u00e5len f\u00f6r unders\u00f6kningen i Baltimore var att ta reda p\u00e5 vilka \u00e5tg\u00e4rder som politikerna beh\u00f6vde vidta f\u00f6r att lindra problemet, som att s\u00e4lja fastigheter, utf\u00e4rda b\u00f6ter eller skapa prisv\u00e4rda bostadsalternativ<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c5terh\u00e4mtning och f\u00f6rnyelse fr\u00e5n f\u00f6rslumning<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00c5terh\u00e4mtningen efter en f\u00f6rslumning \u00e4r en l\u00e5ngsam process. Att ge lokalbefolkningen m\u00f6jlighet att ta itu med problemet \u00e4r ett stort steg mot dess l\u00f6sning. Engagemang fr\u00e5n lokala och statliga myndigheter \u00e4r viktigt, liksom att samla in b\u00e4sta m\u00f6jliga data<\/a> f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 problemets omfattning och komma fram till den l\u00f6sning som fungerar b\u00e4st.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En annan viktig faktor \u00e4r att de som arbetar med den byggda milj\u00f6n engageras.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akademiker vid Michigan State University<\/a> i USA har myntat uttrycket \u201ddomicology\u201d f\u00f6r att beskriva sin studie av den byggda milj\u00f6ns livscykel. De unders\u00f6ker vilken v\u00e4g milj\u00f6n tar fr\u00e5n planering, design och byggande fram till att en byggnad slutar anv\u00e4ndas, \u00f6verges, dekonstrueras eller \u00e5teranv\u00e4nds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I The Conversation s\u00e4ger akademikerteamet att domicology erk\u00e4nner den byggda milj\u00f6ns cykliska natur: \u201dI slut\u00e4ndan f\u00f6rest\u00e4ller vi oss en v\u00e4rld d\u00e4r ingen byggnad beh\u00f6ver rivas. Byggnader skulle utformas [och levereras] med tanken att n\u00e4r de inte l\u00e4ngre g\u00e5r att anv\u00e4nda kan de dekonstrueras och de v\u00e4rdefulla komponenterna \u00e5teranv\u00e4ndas eller \u00e5tervinnas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teamet till\u00e4gger att \u201dmyndigheterna kan bidra genom att inf\u00f6ra policyer, incitament och regler som f\u00f6rhindrar att byggnaderna \u00f6verges och underl\u00e4ttar bortskaffandet… [och] n\u00e4r de h\u00e4r id\u00e9erna f\u00e5r f\u00e4ste och sprids genom planering, design, finansiering och bygg \u00e4r m\u00e5let att f\u00f6rhindra ytterligare epidemier av f\u00f6rslumning som den vi ser i Detroit idag.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6teborg bygger h\u00e5llbart f\u00f6r 11 miljarder<\/h2>
<\/div><\/div>
L\u00e4s mer<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

St\u00e4der \u00f6ver hela v\u00e4rlden har r\u00e5kat ut f\u00f6r f\u00f6rslumning, d\u00e4r omr\u00e5den som har sett en betydande ekonomisk nedg\u00e5ng \u00f6verges och bostads- och aff\u00e4rsfastigheter l\u00e4mnas tomma. L\u00f6sningen p\u00e5 f\u00f6rslumningen h\u00e5ller p\u00e5 att bli en hel industri i sig.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":634,"featured_media":81263,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[144],"tags":[16810,16786],"class_list":["post-81262","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-projects","tag-sustainable-construction","tag-urban-planning","category-144","description-off"],"yoast_head":"\nVad \u00e4r f\u00f6rslumning, och vad kan man g\u00f6ra \u00e5t det?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"F\u00f6rslumning, n\u00e4r en g\u00e5ng v\u00e4lm\u00e5ende st\u00e4der hamnar p\u00e5 nedg\u00e5ng, \u00e4r ett globalt problem. 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