The Brooklyn Bridge, an enduring symbol of progress and possibility, connects more than just two boroughs—it links past ingenuity to present achievement.

While its soaring cables and Gothic towers are architectural marvels, the true story of its creation has a lesser-known hero at its core: Emily Warren Roebling.

Defying the norms of her time, Warren Roebling (pictured here) stepped into a leadership role that would cement her legacy as a trailblazer in engineering and construction.

Setting the Stage: The Vision and Challenges Behind the Brooklyn Bridge’s Creation

In the 1860s, John A. Roebling envisioned a suspension bridge like no other, one that would stretch across the East River to unite Manhattan and Brooklyn. It was a bold project that demanded innovative techniques and untested materials, wrote David McCullough in his definitive book on the bridge’s construction, “The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge.”

Tragically, Roebling’s sudden death in 1869 left the ambitious design in the hands of his son, Washington Roebling.

Washington proved up to the task, but the grueling demands of overseeing construction from the underwater caissons left him confined to his home with caisson disease, also known as decompression sickness. The Brooklyn Bridge was now leaderless, and it seemed as though the grand vision might falter—until his wife Emily Warren Roebling stepped in to take the reins.

Emily’s Rise: The Quiet Force Behind the Brooklyn Bridge’s Success

Warren Roebling’s journey into engineering wasn’t planned, but she was no stranger to intelligence and resourcefulness. Educated and ambitious, she had long been Washington’s confidante, learning about engineering concepts through their conversations. When her husband fell ill, Warren Roebling refused to let the project languish. As McCullough writes, she took up his duties, determined to see the bridge completed.

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The Brooklyn Bridge: Engineering Marvel and Icon of Innovation

Spanning 1,595 feet and standing as a testament to 19th-century ingenuity, the Brooklyn Bridge was the longest suspension bridge in the world when it opened in 1883. Built using more than 14,000 miles of wire and 23,000 tons of granite, the bridge’s innovative design includes caisson foundations—massive underwater chambers used to anchor its towering structures. This engineering breakthrough set new standards for large-scale construction and remains a defining feature of one of the world’s most iconic landmarks.

Learn more about the technical feats behind the Brooklyn Bridge’s enduring legacy here.

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Over the next decade, Warren Roebling became the bridge’s de facto chief engineer. She managed correspondence between Washington and the project’s engineers, made critical on-site decisions and even navigated the technicalities of cable tensions and load-bearing equations. Her steady leadership was more than just filling a gap—it was a masterclass in rising to meet an extraordinary challenge.

Breaking Barriers: Emily Roebling’s Role in Revolutionizing the Brooklyn Bridge

The late 19th century was not a time that welcomed women in roles of authority, let alone on a construction site. Warren Roebling faced skepticism and doubt from nearly every direction—contractors, engineers and even city officials questioned her ability to oversee such a monumental project. But her composure, intelligence and proven results silenced critics over time.

Warren Roebling also managed the difficult balancing act of leading a massive infrastructure project while fulfilling societal expectations as a wife and mother. Her resilience in the face of these dual demands highlighted not just her capabilities but also her determination to redefine what women could achieve.

The Grand Triumph: Celebrating the Brooklyn Bridge’s Historic Opening Day

On May 24, 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge officially opened to great fanfare. As McCullough writes, crowds gathered to celebrate the culmination of more than a decade of labor and innovation. As a testament to her contributions, Warren Roebling was the first person to cross the bridge, leading a ceremonial procession and carrying a rooster as a symbol of victory.

The public and press couldn’t ignore her impact. Despite societal norms that often minimized women’s achievements, Warren Roebling’s pivotal role in the bridge’s completion earned her recognition as one of the few women of her era to break into a field dominated by men.

The Evolution of Suspension Bridges: The Brooklyn Bridge’s Lasting Influence

The Brooklyn Bridge not only connected two boroughs but also marked a turning point in the history of suspension bridge design. Completed in 1883, it was the first steel-wire suspension bridge in the world, showcasing innovations that would set the standard for future projects.

The bridge’s use of steel cables provided greater strength and durability than traditional iron-wire systems, paving the way for longer spans and more ambitious designs. Its hybrid structure, combining suspension and cable-stayed elements, became a blueprint for modern engineering.

By demonstrating the feasibility of large-scale suspension bridges in urban environments, the Brooklyn Bridge inspired the construction of iconic structures such as the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco and the George Washington Bridge in New York.

Key lessons from the Brooklyn Bridge’s design—such as the importance of redundancy in cable systems and the need for meticulous safety standards—remain integral to modern suspension bridge engineering.

The Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan, for instance, completed in 1998 and currently the world’s longest suspension bridge, owes its success to principles first tested during the Brooklyn Bridge’s construction.

This enduring legacy is a testament to the innovative vision of its engineers and the leadership of Warren Roebling, whose contributions ensured the bridge’s success. The Brooklyn Bridge continues to stand as both a functional piece of infrastructure and a symbol of what engineering can achieve.

A Lasting Legacy: Emily Roebling’s Enduring Impact on Engineering and Innovation

Warren Roebling’s story is more than a historical footnote; it’s a testament to resilience, intellect and leadership. She not only completed one of the world’s greatest engineering marvels but also helped redefine women’s roles in science and construction.

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Trailblazing Women of 19th-Century Infrastructure: Beyond Emily Warren Roebling

Emily Warren Roebling wasn’t the only woman breaking barriers in the 19th century. Other pioneers made significant contributions to engineering and construction:

• Clara Barton: Known as the “Angel of the Battlefield,” Barton also championed infrastructure projects as the founder of the American Red Cross, advocating for improved disaster response and relief facilities.
• Eleanor Coade: An English businesswoman and innovator, Coade perfected the formula for Coade Stone, a durable artificial stone used in many historic buildings and infrastructure projects.
• Mary Walton: An inventor whose pollution-reducing systems for locomotives and factories helped improve urban infrastructure and environmental health during the industrial boom.

These women, like Emily Warren Roebling, challenged societal norms, leaving an indelible mark on history and paving the way for future generations in engineering and construction.

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Warren Roebling’s legacy lives on in the countless women who have followed in her footsteps, inspired by her example to pursue careers in STEM fields. Modern-day honors, including a posthumous doctorate in engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and plaques at the Brooklyn Bridge itself, ensure that Warren Roebling’s contributions are not forgotten.

Emily Roebling’s Legacy as the Brooklyn Bridge’s Visionary Builder

Emily Warren Roebling didn’t just help build a bridge; she helped build a foundation for the future—one where women could lead, innovate and succeed in fields that were once closed to them. Her story is a reminder of what’s possible when determination meets opportunity.

The Brooklyn Bridge, standing strong after nearly 150 years, is not only a feat of engineering but also a tribute to the woman who believed in its success when others faltered. It’s more than just a bridge; it’s a symbol of the heights that vision, perseverance and leadership can achieve.

Bjork Construction Co., based in Fremont, California, is a commercial general contractor and carpentry subcontractor specializing in design/build projects. The company is recognized for its work with utility companies and expertise in exterior wood construction, among other specialties.

When Jessica Bjork-Madrigal and her mother, Jean, Bjork Construction’s CEO, appeared on the KTVU news program “Voices for Change” in 2024, the host noted that only 13% of construction companies are woman-owned. As part of that small group, the mother-and-daughter duo has earned numerous accolades.

In 2022, Bjork Construction ranked 12th on the San Francisco Business Times list of top women-owned businesses in the Bay Area. Other honors include the Associated General Contractors of America’s Diversity & Inclusion Award and the PentaRisk Insurance Services’ Safety Excellence Award.

In 2024, Bjork-Madrigal, the company’s vice president and co-owner, was named one of the 100 Most Influential Women by the Silicon Valley Business Journal.

Built spoke with Bjork-Madrigal about the advice that shaped her career and her insights for those considering a future in construction.

Built: How did you choose to enter the construction industry?

Bjork-Madrigal: I didn’t; it chose me. My mother was a welder, and my father was a carpenter when they met. In 1988 they started Bjork Construction. My mother was an exceptional leader from the start and bought my father’s shares in 2009, while he continued as general superintendent. They’re still married, 42 years now.

I worked in the office as a kid, but I went to San Jose College and hoped to be a homicide detective. When I realized I’d have to be a cop first, I changed my mind when I learned what it paid. It just wasn’t enough for me to put my life on the line. In 2010, I joined my mother in the business after the financial crisis hit and she was going through hard times. Our employees took pay cuts and we were down to four carpenters in the field and five people in the office. I was cheap labor. I thought I’d help out for a little while, but not long afterward I really wanted to be part of the team.

Built: What’s the best advice you ever got about this industry?

Bjork-Madrigal: I worked at Boyett Construction straight out of college when no one was hiring, but they needed help and I landed the job. I worked with a gentleman who was a mentor to me without him even knowing he was one. I didn’t work for him directly, but we worked together on many projects, and he told me, “Don’t ever feel defeated; you just have to keep going.”

I was a woman and young, and had some really touchy clients, so getting myself heard depended on not being the loudest in the room, but coming in with the facts, being direct and not letting myself be pushed around. This man taught me that. His view of business was something I had never experienced in our industry. Unlike those who thought it was best to be the loudest, he taught me to be the smartest in the room.

Built: What advice do you have for people looking to follow in your career footsteps?

Bjork-Madrigal: Just do it. Don’t hold back; you’re going to enjoy it. There are so many areas to choose from in this industry, such as civil engineering, a vertical area, design or the field. Our industry pays well, although it is not for those looking for a 9 to 5. This field is for someone that finds it a passion and loves what they do.

Built: What’s your favorite part of the job?

Bjork-Madrigal: Seeing what we build. It’s the coolest feeling to see the smiles on our team’s faces.

Built: What do you think is the most pressing issue facing the construction industry?

Bjork-Madrigal: The average field worker is 55 and almost ready to leave. It’s a real crisis because the workers coming in are different from my generation, which really wanted to learn. There’s a big knowledge gap that the people who will be leaving are eager to fill. Our best foreman is retiring and the value that he brought to the company will be missed.

Built: What keeps you up at night as an executive?

Bjork-Madrigal: Everything. I’m concerned about us getting even better than we are. I want to make sure our employees really represent the company. When they go into a meeting with a client, I want them to project integrity and act with the utmost respect.

Built: How do you structure your time to fix the most important issues you face in your role?

Bjork-Madrigal: I try to make sure I’m not just blowing through tasks during the day, but I’m best at the end of the day when people have gone home. I leave the hard work for the evenings.

The roar of welding torches and hum of assembly lines marked a profound transformation during World War II. These sounds heralded women in overalls and hard hats who stepped into roles that had been exclusively male, reshaping not only the construction industry but societal perceptions of women’s capabilities.

Known as one of the most pivotal moments for women in the workforce, the war was a catalyst that brought women into construction and other skilled trades on an unprecedented scale. This feature explores how World War II changed the landscape of construction, the barriers women overcame and the legacy they left behind.

Setting the Stage: Construction and Workforce Dynamics Before World War II

Before World War II, the construction industry was predominantly male, with women largely confined to roles deemed “appropriate” for their gender, such as clerical work and domestic labor.

Even when women contributed to building homes or working on farms, their efforts were often unrecognized and undocumented. For instance, in the early 1900s, women constituted only about 1% of the officially reported farm workforce, despite their significant contributions to agricultural labor. This underrepresentation extended to construction, where societal norms and gender biases limited women’s participation in the industry.

The attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 changed this dynamic. As the United States mobilized for war, millions of men enlisted in the armed forces, leaving critical gaps in the workforce. Industries like construction, shipbuilding and manufacturing faced severe labor shortages, threatening the nation’s ability to meet wartime production demands. To fill the void, the government launched extensive recruitment campaigns aimed at women.

Women Stepping Up: Transforming Construction During World War II

One of the most iconic symbols of this era was “Rosie the Riveter,” a cultural figure who embodied the strength, resilience and determination of women entering the workforce. Government campaigns leveraged Rosie’s image to encourage women to step into roles traditionally considered too demanding or dangerous for them. The strategy worked: by 1944, women accounted for nearly 10% of the construction workforce, according to a U.S. Department of Labor report.

Women’s contributions spanned a range of critical infrastructure projects. In shipyards, women worked as welders and pipefitters, assembling warships at record speeds. At airfields, they constructed runways and hangars, enabling the rapid deployment of aircraft. These jobs required physical endurance and technical skill, which women mastered with remarkable efficiency.

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How Construction Helped Win World War II:

Discover the pivotal role the construction industry played in securing victory during World War II. From building airfields and naval bases to assembling critical infrastructure at record speeds, construction professionals contributed significantly to the Allied war effort. Learn how the ingenuity and determination of workers, including thousands of women stepping into new roles, laid the foundation for modern construction practices.

Read more about the construction industry’s impact during WWII on the Bluebeam Blog: How Construction Helped Win World War II

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For example, in the Kaiser Shipyards of Vancouver, Washington, women helped reduce ship assembly times from months to mere weeks. Their work not only accelerated wartime production but also demonstrated their capability to excel in physically demanding roles.

Rosie the Riveter was no exaggeration—women truly were the backbone of the war effort on the home front.

Challenges and Triumphs: Overcoming Barriers in Wartime Construction

The path to inclusion in construction was not without obstacles. Many women faced skepticism and outright resistance from male colleagues who doubted their abilities. Physical demands of the job added another layer of difficulty, as did the lack of childcare for working mothers. Despite these challenges, women persevered.

The introduction of government-sponsored training programs helped ease the transition. Courses in welding, carpentry and other trades equipped women with the skills needed to excel in their roles. However, these programs also reflected societal biases; many were reluctant to fully embrace women’s long-term presence in construction and other skilled trades.

Despite the hurdles, women’s triumphs were undeniable. In addition to contributing to major infrastructure projects, they helped shift public perceptions of what women could achieve. By the war’s end, the image of a woman wielding a welding torch or operating heavy machinery was no longer a rarity—it was a testament to their capabilities and determination.

Societal Shifts and Lasting Legacy: The Impact of Women in Wartime Construction

The success of women in wartime construction began to challenge long-held stereotypes about their physical and intellectual abilities. Nevertheless, the end of the war brought new challenges. With the return of millions of servicemen, many women were forced to leave their jobs, often replaced by returning veterans. The societal narrative shifted once again, emphasizing a “return to normalcy” that relegated women to domestic roles.

Yet, not all women left the workforce quietly. Some advocated for their right to stay in the industry, paving the way for future generations. While their numbers dwindled in the immediate post-war years, their contributions laid the groundwork for the women’s rights movements of the 1960s and 1970s.

The Lasting Impact of Women on the Construction Industry’s Evolution

The legacy of women’s involvement in wartime construction can still be felt today. Their achievements provided a foundation for future inclusion efforts and inspired initiatives to promote gender diversity in the industry. Programs like Women in Construction Week and organizations like the National Association of Women in Construction (NAWIC) trace their roots to the resilience and determination of these wartime trailblazers.

The construction industry continues to benefit from this legacy. As of 2022, women represent nearly 11% of the construction workforce, a number that continues to grow as companies and organizations work to break down barriers. Modern initiatives, including mentorship programs and scholarships, build on the progress made during World War II to encourage more women to join and thrive in the industry.

Building an Inclusive Future: Advancing Diversity in Construction

The women who stepped into construction roles during World War II didn’t just fill a labor gap—they shattered barriers and redefined societal expectations. Their contributions demonstrated that women could excel in physically demanding and technically complex roles, laying the groundwork for a more inclusive industry.

Today, the construction industry honors their legacy by continuing to promote diversity, equity and inclusion. Through ongoing advocacy, training programs and cultural shifts, the industry is building a future where women are not just participants but leaders in shaping the built environment.

The torch passed by these wartime pioneers burns brightly, lighting the way for future generations of women to leave their mark on construction.

The construction industry has long been the backbone of societal development, from ancient civilizations to modern metropolises. While men have historically dominated this field, women have made significant contributions to construction throughout history, often against considerable odds. Their stories, both celebrated and unsung, reveal how women have shaped the industry and paved the way for future generations.

This article explores the milestones, notable figures and cultural shifts that have defined the journey of women in construction. From early participation in community-driven projects to modern leadership roles, their evolving contributions underscore the industry’s capacity for progress and inclusivity.

Early Contributions of Women to Pre-Industrial Construction: Unveiling Their Historic Roles

Women’s roles in construction can be traced back to ancient societies, where they often participated in building communal structures. Historical records from medieval Europe, for example, show women contributing to guilds as masons and carpenters. Although their roles were typically secondary to men, women were instrumental in tasks ranging from crafting building materials to managing work sites.

In colonial America, women were involved in the construction of homes, barns and other essential structures. While largely overshadowed by men in official records, women’s labor was vital in maintaining settlements. This period laid the groundwork for women’s later involvement in more formalized construction trades.

Wartime Contributions: How Women Transformed Construction During Times of Crisis

One of the most significant turning points for women in construction came during World War II. As men left for the front lines, women stepped into roles traditionally reserved for men, including construction and manufacturing jobs. The iconic “Rosie the Riveter” became a symbol of this era, epitomizing the capabilities of women in physically demanding roles.

During this time, women contributed to major wartime infrastructure projects, such as shipbuilding and airfield construction. According to a 1944 report by the U.S. Department of Labor, women comprised nearly 10% of the construction workforce by the war’s end. Their success during this period not only demonstrated their capability but also challenged societal norms that relegated women to domestic roles.

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Liz Larsen: A Structural Engineer Redefining Possibilities in Construction

Meet Liz Larsen, a trailblazing structural engineer who’s shaping the future of construction. From her work on complex projects to her advocacy for collaboration and innovation, Larsen embodies the power of determination and creativity in a traditionally male-dominated field. Discover her story and how she uses technology and teamwork to drive progress in the industry.

Read more about Larsen’s inspiring journey on the Bluebeam Blog: Liz Larsen: A Structural Engineer Redefining Possibilities in Construction

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However, this progress faced a setback when the war ended. Many women were displaced from these roles as men returned home, highlighting the systemic barriers women faced in maintaining long-term careers in construction.

Advocacy and Support Networks: Building a Strong Foundation for Women in Construction

The postwar period saw the formation of organizations dedicated to supporting women in construction. One of the most influential was the National Association of Women in Construction (NAWIC), founded in 1953 by 16 women in Fort Worth, Texas. NAWIC’s mission was to provide a platform for women to connect, share resources and advocate for their inclusion in the industry.

Early initiatives included mentorship programs, scholarships and lobbying efforts to increase representation. NAWIC’s influence has grown substantially, with chapters across the United States and partnerships with similar organizations worldwide.

Other advocacy groups, such as the Women Builders Council and the Tradeswomen Inc., emerged in the following decades. These organizations played a pivotal role in promoting gender equity and creating opportunities for women to thrive in construction.

Trailblazing Women in Construction: Changing the Industry and Shaping Its Future

The construction industry owes much to the trailblazing women who defied conventions and set new standards. Among the most notable is Zaha Hadid, an architect whose groundbreaking designs earned her the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2004—the first woman to receive this honor. Her work, characterized by bold, futuristic designs, redefined the possibilities of architectural innovation.

Another figure worth celebrating is Emily Warren Roebling, who oversaw the completion of the Brooklyn Bridge in the late 19th century after her husband, the chief engineer, fell ill. Her technical expertise and leadership ensured the project’s success and earned her recognition as one of the first women to lead a major infrastructure project.

In the trades, women like Judaline Cassidy, a plumber and founder of the nonprofit Tools & Tiaras, have made waves by mentoring young women and advocating for their inclusion in skilled trades. Such figures serve as both role models and proof of women’s capacity to excel in every facet of construction.

Modern Progress: The Rise of Women Shaping the Construction Industry Today

The 21st century has seen significant progress in the inclusion of women in construction, driven by cultural, legislative and educational advancements. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, women accounted for 11% of the construction workforce in 2021, a figure that continues to grow. This increase can be attributed to policies promoting workplace diversity and initiatives encouraging women to enter the trades.

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LaShanna Lintamo: From Welder to Social Media Mogul, Inspiring the Next Generation

LaShanna Lintamo is breaking barriers in the construction industry, combining her skills as a welder with the power of social media to inspire others. As a social media mogul, she shares her journey, promotes the trades and empowers women to pursue careers in construction. Learn how LaShanna is using her platform to challenge stereotypes and spark change in the industry.

Read more about LaShanna’s impactful work on the Bluebeam Blog: LaShanna Lintamo: From Welder to Social Media Mogul, Inspiring the Next Generation

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Education and training programs have also played a crucial role. Organizations like Build Like a Girl and the National Center for Construction Education and Research (NCCER) have created pathways for young women to enter construction careers. Meanwhile, social media has amplified the visibility of women in the industry, with hashtags like #WomenInConstruction showcasing their achievements.

Events like Women in Construction Week, celebrated annually in March, have further spotlighted the contributions of women while fostering discussions about inclusion and equity. Such initiatives underscore the industry’s commitment to building a more diverse workforce.

Challenges Women Face in Construction: Breaking Down Barriers to Equity and Inclusion

Despite this progress, women in construction continue to face significant challenges. Gender bias, workplace harassment and limited access to leadership roles remain persistent issues. A 2022 study by McKinsey & Company found that women are underrepresented in managerial and executive positions across the industry.

Additionally, the physical demands of construction work are often cited as barriers, despite advancements in tools and technology that make these roles more accessible. Addressing these challenges requires systemic changes, including better workplace policies, robust mentorship programs and increased awareness of unconscious bias.

The Future of Construction: How Women Are Shaping the Industry’s Evolution

The future of construction is increasingly inclusive, thanks to a combination of advocacy, technology and shifting societal attitudes. Programs like Mentoring a Girl in Construction (MAGIC) and scholarships for women pursuing STEM and construction-related fields are helping bridge the gap.

Technology is also leveling the playing field. Digital collaboration tools, automation and innovative machinery are reducing physical barriers, enabling more women to excel in construction roles.

As younger generations enter the workforce, they bring with them a renewed focus on diversity and equity. This cultural shift, coupled with industry-wide initiatives, promises a brighter and more inclusive future for women in construction.

Building an Inclusive Future in Construction: Empowering Women for Industry Growth

The history of women in construction is one of resilience and progress. From their early contributions in pre-industrial societies to their leadership roles today, women have continually shaped the industry, often against significant odds. While challenges remain, the construction industry is moving toward greater inclusivity, driven by the tireless efforts of advocacy groups, trailblazers and forward-thinking organizations.

As we celebrate the achievements of women in construction, it’s vital to continue breaking down the remaining barriers to equity and inclusion. At Bluebeam, we are deeply committed to supporting women in the industry through initiatives that promote diversity, foster collaboration and provide innovative tools to empower their success. By driving these efforts forward, we aim to help build a more inclusive and forward-thinking construction industry for generations to come.